Civilization seemed to come as a package: It meant misery and suffering for those who would inevitably be reduced to serfs, slaves or debtors, but it also allowed for the possibility of art, technology, and science. You could see inequality emerge in the archaeological record with the appearance of temples and palaces, presided over by rulers and their elite kinsmen, and storehouses and workshops, run by administrators and overseers. If you put enough people in one place, the evidence seemed to show, they would start dividing themselves into social classes. … For a long time, the archaeological evidence - from Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, Mesoamerica and elsewhere - did appear to confirm this.
Graeber died shortly after completing the book.
Wengrow are the authors of the forthcoming book, “ The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity,” from which this essay is adapted. Ancient History Shows How We Can Create a More Equal World
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